Some readers may remember the article I wrote which described how I was able to find distant relatives of my Italian family in Italy. That article was published in the Boot Club newsletter and Italia magazine. That article described the beginning stages of my Italian genealogy research. The research has continued and introduced me to the topic of Italian foundlings, a topic which is at the heart of many Italian families whether they realize it or not. I used Familysearch.org extensively but not exclusively for my research and was able to trace my great grandmother’s family (Salatiello) back to the early 1700’s in Calvizzano. Unfortunately, it was a different story for my great grandfather, Vincenzo Ducale. All digitized genealogy information ended with him. After much head scratching and searching, I was finally able to receive a “birth” document from Napoli which told his beginnings as one of thousands of Italian orphans.
Locating genealogical information about an Italian orphan is almost impossible due to the extremely rare occurrence of finding the names of the birth parents. Orphans were also known as Trovatelli or Proietti and most large and some small cities in Italy and throughout Europe had an orphanage for many centuries. Italy alone had over 1100 orphanages. The orphanages were sanctioned by the state and were often run by nuns as part of a church structure. In Rome the Santo Spirito in Sassia received orphans since the time of Pope Sixtus IV. As many as 3000 foundlings a year were abandoned there. Florence had l’Ospedale degli Innocenti. In Venice the hospital Casa degli Esposti received 450 orphans a year since 1346. The word esposti signifies that the infant was exposed when abandoned. Women were able to leave a child at one of the orphanages with complete anonymity. A child was abandonded usually due to the child being born out of wedlock but some were abandoned because the family was poor. Often, the child was left with some form of token such as a devotional medal, coin or magic charm which would afford the parents the ability to identify and claim the child at later time if their circumstances changed. Around the neck of my great grandfather was a tag on which was written Vico Pontecorvo, a nearby Naples street. When a child was taken to the orphanage by the mother it was placed in a revolving basket, the ruota, which was usually hidden from the street. The child was placed in the basket which could then be turned and the child disappeared behind the wall. Turning the ruota would usually ring a bell alerting those in attendance that a child was left. The child was then cleaned, baptized and given a name by the local official.
Naming a child seems to have been the responsibility of the local official assigned to the duty. If the name of the father was known, a type of code was sometimes used which was recorded in the record book from which the parents names and address could be determined. Exactly how most names were given may have varied from region to region and town to town but most were generic. The name Esposito signifies an orphan or one who was “exposed”. At times the mother would state that she had become pregnant by a nobleman due to the stigma of an out of wedlock pregnancy. In cases such as this, the name might have been chosen which may have sounded noble such as Della Luna or even Ducale. Often after arrival at an orphanage the infant was temporarily given to a wet nurse or woman who had recently given birth.
After the 1850’s the ruota began to be phased out and the responsibility fell to the office of Civil State. This gradual change was in response to the high mortality rate in orphanages which was as high as 28% in some regions. Infants were even found deceased within the ruota which added to the number of deaths.
It is apparent from the large number orphans that many Italian families have their origins in an orphanage. How many children were returned to their birth parents is not known but is likely extremely small given the economic conditions of the time. It is because of these harsh conditions that many of us find ourselves in the United States. Whether we are descendents of orphans or not is not important. We are Italians.
This article was written and submitted by James Ducale, IABC President